Introduction to Working with Children Essay

E1 – Task: Select three different types of setting from the statutory, voluntary and private sectors for children in your area. Introduction: There are different types of childcare settings for example statutory, voluntary and private. Statutory – This service has to be available by the government or local authorities. An example of a statutory setting in my area is Ravenstone Primary School. Voluntary – This service is provided by organisations such as charities and most of their funding comes from donations. An example of a voluntary setting in my area is The Covent Garden Dragon Hall Trust. Private – These are profit-making services. An example of a private setting in my area is Abacus Nursery. E2 – Task: Give detailed information on how each setting you have selected for E1 support children and their families. Introduction: Detailed information on how each type of setting identified in E1 supports children and their families. Statutory: Children from the ages of 5 – 11 years can attend Ravenstone Primary School. Their aims include: â€Å"Committed to providing an education for the children of Ravenstone which will equip them for the future. 1. We will do this through providing a range of educational, physical, aesthetic and social experiences. 2. These experiences will be of high quality, grounded in high expectations. 3. They will be constantly monitored and evaluated for their effectiveness. 4. They will be provided in an atmosphere conducive to hard work and good relationships between children and between children and adults. The atmosphere will be such that quality is emphasized at all times in terms of work, behavior and ethos, relationships and the environment.† http://www.ravenstoneschool.co.uk/about/show/our_mission 04/10/2012 This setting aims to support children and their families by offering a breakfast and after school facility therefore parents can drop off their child and go work and when finished pick up the child. Private: Children from the ages of 12 months – 5 years can attend Abacus nursery. Their aims include: â€Å"We particularly welcome cooperation with Kaleidoscope[->0], a drama and movement program which was tailor made for us. The children will learn role play, to discuss topics, listen to others, and deliver to an audience and the general confidence to help them thrive once they will start primary school. Aspect of the Alexander Technique are also incorporated for their physical and mental wellbeing. We believe that learning should be a pleasurable experience. Children learn best within a stimulating, secure and supportive environment that acknowledges and builds on prior experiences. At Abacus we recognize that children develop at different rates and it is important that the child’s individual needs are met. Therefore we ensure careful assessment and monitoring of each child in order for them to reach their full potential. Abacus likes to think that the nursery school is an extension of the home, so it is important that the parents feel included and informed in all areas of the nursery programme. Parents are encouraged to take an active role, this can be anything from supplying empty cereal boxes for junk modeling, reading the children stories ,contributing to cultural events and festivals or joining us on trips and outings. We are very pleased to learn that our children often gain entrance in excellent primary schools, from the independent sector as well as the state sector.† http://www.myabacusnursery.co.uk/aboutus.html – 04/10/2012 This setting aims to support children and their families by offering children a place at the nursery whilst parents can go work and see to their other commitments whilst the children will particate with children, be fed, changed and seen to throughout the day at a set fee per term. Voluntary: Children from under 5s and 16+ can attend The Covent Garden Dragon Hall Trust. Their aims include: â€Å"The Covent Garden Dragon Hall Trust was established in 2003 to provide a community facility in the heart of Covent Garden & Holborn, to serve the needs of local residents and the wider public. The overall aim is to develop Dragon Hall as an income generating community resource that will:  ·Enable partnership working in the area to develop around the hub of the venue and establish a consultative mechanism that will enable resources to be pooled, avoid overlap and duplication of services, identify gaps in provision and develop responses to these  ·Provide a venue where a wide range of activities and projects developed by and of benefit to the diverse community of Covent Garden & Holborn can be delivered – initially with a particular focus on providing equality of opportunity for all young people  ·Act as a resource for local residents and other community organisations† http://www.dragonhall.org.uk/home/objectives/ 04/10/2012 This setting aims to support children and their families by offering services to the public at a minimum fee for all ages. This will support children and their families by giving them something to do and keep them occupied. E3 – Task: Describe the main legislation in your country that supports the rights of children. Introduction: In the UK there are many pieces of legislation that is used to protect children and their families. The United Nations Convention on The Rights of The Child 1989 â€Å"The United Nations Convention on the Rights of The Child is an international statement of the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of children. The UN General Assembly adopted the Convention and opened it for signature on 20th November 1989 (the 30th anniversary of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child)†. http://www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_press.pdf 04/10/12[->1] This Convention includes around 48 articles which everyone must follow as it’s the law. Article 31 – â€Å"Every child has the right to relax, play and join in a wide range of cultural and artistic activities† As a practitioner you have to follow this Article. An example of following this article is, you have a child who has a sight impairment and the children are playing football a way you can make sure the child is included into the activity is by getting a special ball which has sound effects which will make sure the child is included. This Legislation protects children and their families and their rights to be included. Human Rights Act 2000 -The Human Rights Act introduces into UK law the rights and freedoms set out in the European Convention on Human Rights. It mostly came into force on 2nd October 2000. http://www.redp.org.uk/legislation/dda/ – 11/10/12 â€Å"The Act was not designed specifically to protect children but they are accorded the same rights as adults. This means they have the right to dignity, respect and fairness in the way they are treated. Thus a setting is not able to use corporal punishment (smacking and caning) even if a parent consents to it, because it is seen as degrading and a violation of a child’s right. The Human Rights Act means that parents of children are also protected.† Penny Tassoni, page 115, 2007. This legislation supports the rights of children and their families by reassuring that the child and their family have a right to dignity respect and fairness. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 -An Act to make provision in connection with the protection of children and vulnerable adults. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2006/47/contents – 11/10/12[->2] â€Å"This Act comes into force from autumn 2008. It is designed to make sure that adults working with children and other vulnerable groups are vetted not just in childcare organisations but also in other organisations such as junior football clubs. This Act may make a difference to the way settings use volunteers and also services, although the current standards make it clear that any adult who has not been checked with the Criminal Records Bureau must never be unsupervised with children.† This legislation supports the rights of children and their families by reassuring that the child and their family have a right to be protected from anyone who may harm them; also ensuring safeguarding vulnerable groups is enforced. Equality Act 2006 -This Act is relatively new and comes into force from Autumn 2007. Penny Tassoni, page 116, 2007. â€Å"A key part of the act is the establishment of the Commission for Equality and Human Rights. It will enforce equality legislation on age, disability and health, gender, race, religion or belief, sexual orientation or transgender status, and encourage compliance with the human rights act 1998. The Commission for Equality and Human Rights will replace the following commissions: Disability Rights Commission, Equal Opportunities Commission and the Commission for Racial Equality.† Penny Tassoni, page 116, 2007. This legislation will support children and their families by making sure there protected from being discriminated for their age, disability, gender, race, religion and so on. E4 – Task: Describe the recognised principles and values that underpin working with children. Introduction – EYFS and the CACHE put together The CACHE Statement of Values which is rules or code of conduct that underpins our everyday life when working with children. Principles 1.The welfare of the child is paramount – As a practitioner you will need to follow this principle to make sure you’re being professional. For example, a child discloses that their mum hit them last night, to make sure that the welfare of the child is paramount is by making sure you follow your settings policy and keep what the child has told you confidential as the welfare of the child is at risk. Also by you doing this you are focusing on the welfare of the child and treating children opinions and their concerns seriously. 2.Practitioners contribute to children’s care, learning and development – As a practitioner you will need to follow this principle to make sure you’re being professional. For example, when putting together activities you need to be aware of all the stages of development, so that you are involving all the children so that they’re stimulated. Children need stimulation and challenge to learn and develop. If you are not aware that every child develops at different paces you may put together an activity which is too hard for the child; the child will get frustrated because there not succeeding in the activity and will get upset if they see the other children completing the activity but their stuck on it because it’s not suitable for their development rate. 3.Practitioners work with parents, guardians and families who are partners in the Care, Learning and Development of their children – As a practitioner you will need to follow this principle to make sure you’re being professional. A way you can work with parents, guardians and families with the development of their child is by respecting their traditions in child care practices make the family feel welcomes and part of the setting. You can achieve this by having mini meetings with the children and parents about the development of the child and you can gather information about the child by doing regular observations so when you have a meeting with the parents you and the parents can discuss how to improve certain aspects of the child’s learning so that it’s learning at her/his full potential. Also create a wall where children can put photos of their family and different cultures to make sure there’s diversity in the setting. Values 1.Celebrate Diversity – As a practitioner you will need to make sure in your setting you aim to always present information about different traditions, festivals, and customs to children. You can present information about different cultures and ect. By having a wall where children can display pictures of their culture, traditions and also family members. Another way is by having different outfits for example an African traditional outfit. 2.Equality of Opportunity – as a practitioner you should respect children individuality and give them the right type and level of care. An example is that you have a child who is partially blind; you will need to plan your activities different so that the child is involved and you’re able to give them the right level of care. E5 – Task: Explain the importance of valuing and respecting all children in the setting. Introduction – When working as a practitioner it is important to value, respecting all children in the setting. When working in a childcare setting it is important that you have a clear understanding of diversity and inclusive practice. As a practitioner you will discover when working with children that every child has different needs and a different personality. For example one child may not like broccoli and another may like broccoli it’s all about taking time to realise the little things to make your job easier and therefore you’re making sure the setting is diverse. Inclusive practice when working with children is very important. Inclusive practice is making sure that every child in the setting is included in activities and given a chance, for example a child who’s got a disability will receive special help to make sure their included in everything and helpe d with things they find hard to finish and do. An example of how you can plan to meet the individual needs of a child and their family is to do observations; observations will determine such things as how a child learns and also what they like and dislike, once you know this it will make it easier for you to plan for children and their families making sure that every child is included. An example to show how you can avoid making assumptions about children and their families, a child may have a bruise and you may jump to conclusions straight away and say that one of the parents has hurt the child, which will cause problems due to you jumping to conclusions without consulting the parents. To avoid making assumptions you should always ask the parents first and also go to your supervisor or manager if you’re worried about a child’s safety. Because even though the child has a bruise she/he could of easily fallen over and hurt themselves. C1 – It is important to listen to children’s views and value their opinions because if you don’t listen carefully you could miss out on important information for example that someone is harming them, as a practitioner children look up to you therefore you need to show respect, listen and value their opinions because it’s your job to look after these children and if a child is trying to share important with you and you ignore them there going to feel frustrated and won’t want to disclose any information with you again because they got rejected last time. E6 – Task: Describe three professional skills that will support you work with children Introduction – when working with children it’s important to have professional skills which will help the setting run smoothly. The three professional skills that will support my work with children are being reliable, good communications skills and diversity & inclusive practice.  ·Reliable – this will support my work when working with children because children need a routine and stability and if you’re not on time and always missing days at work it’ll mess up the settings routine and children will feel unsettled. Also it’s unprofessional and your managers will not take you seriously.  ·Good Communication Skills – this will support your work when working with children because you will understand when speaking with children you should always get down to their level and interact with them therefore they feel more comfortable. Also communication in a setting is very important therefore you should always give people eye contact so that they know you’re listening to them, this also goes for when speaking with parents because you’re looking after their child so they need to know that you’re listening and respect what they’re saying.  ·Diversity and Inclusive Practice – this will support your work when working with children because you will understand that every child is different and you know ways to recognize what they like and don’t like therefore it makes it easier when creating activities because you will know what the children prefer. Also with children of a different religion you can have a wall where children put pictures and stuff of their religion on there so that they feel included. Children with disabilities will have extra support on areas they need so that you can plan activities according to children’s development and capability. E7 – Task: Describe how study skills can support your learning during your training. Introduction – Study skills can support me during my training to ensure I learn at my best. Also by looking into study skills you can recognize how you learn best which will increase your chance of reaching your best potential.  ·Note taking – this can support me during my training as whilst in class getting taught I should take notes so when I’m looking back to do an assignment I can re-cap on what was learnt in that lesson. Also by looking through your notes again it will help you take in what you’ve learnt.  ·Research – this can support me during my training as researching up on information needed for my assignments; this will mean I’ll be reading about the same thing through different sources for example books, internet and magazines and newspapers. This information will support my work.  ·Time management – this can support me during m y training as learning how to deal with time is a very important skill I can use at work or placement. I will learn how to manage my time by setting myself goals to reach within a certain time also when doing assignments I will need to balance out my work and also my work will have deadlines which I will need to meet. I will need to learn to be organised as I have deadlines and if I don’t meet them I’m jeopardising my chances of successfully completing the course.  ·Referencing – this can support me during my training as I will need to reference all my work if I found it from a source, for example if I found a piece of information on the internet no matter how small it is if I don’t reference it I’m jeopardising my work being classed as plagiarism which can also jeopardise me passing my course as I’m copying someone else’s work.  ·Reading aloud – this can support me during my training. If I read aloud pieces of information and notes I have taken this will help me to remember information and be more confident with my points. A lso it will help me when I go to placement or work as I will be more confident. D1 – Task: Explain why the practitioner should develop and maintain appropriate relationships with parents and other professionals Introduction – As a practitioner it is important to maintain professional at all times in every case As a practitioner it’s your duty to support children effectively, by this I mean to avoid emotional attachments; because if you and one child get close and one day you’re not in, the child will be upset as it’s used to you being around and the other staff will find it hard to support the child. Also even though it’s hard, try not to have favourites as the other children will feel left out as you’re not giving them the same amount of care. Another important aspect of maintaining a professional approach is to keep information confidential; this is important because there’s a policy in place which states information should be kept stored away and confidential to make sure the children’s safety is protected. The Data Protection Act 1998 – â€Å"It is the main piece of legislation that governs the protection of personal data in the UK† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_1998n 25/10/2012[->3]. To make sure you maintain confidentiality in a setting you should make sure you avoid discussions which involve sharing information about a child to anyone expect your manager and the child’s parents and always make sure if you’ve written down information about child or received a letter about that child or it’s family always store away the information in the child’s file and cabinet to make sure that the information is safe and no-one else can get ahold of that information. Also make sure that you follow the Data Protection Act 1998 and your settings confidentiality policies. Another way to maintain appropriate relationships with parents and other professionals is to build a good relationship between parents and other professionals, by you having good relationships with parents and other staff members will make sure that every feels happy secure and comfortable in the setting. Also this will benefit the children as parents disclosing that the child might have a problem one the day will ensure that the child is receiving the best care possible. D2 – Task: Discuss the characteristics of working in a multi-agency team Introduction – the characteristics of working in a multi-agency team is very important that you all work together to make sure the child is receiving the ultimate support. As a practitioner and working with a multi-agency team for example maybe a physiotherapist, speech therapist, signers and social workers the first thing you need to make sure is running smoothly is the communication between you the practitioner and the multi-agency team because you’re working together to ensure the child is receiving the right support and also protecting the child’s safety; a way to make sure this is happening is maybe suggest a weekly meeting to discuss important information which is confidential between you and the multi-agency, this way you’re certain that the communication is there also that information is safe and secure between you and the multi-agency. Also the information that is shared between you and the multi-agency should always be locked away and secure as it contains confidential information about the child which could affect the child if the wrong person got hold of it, so make sure that its locked away in a cabinet with a lock, protect your pc with a password and only discussed on a need to know basis. When you interact with the multi-agency make sure that you present all the relevant information you have found out so for example if you did an observation print of a copy for the multi-agency because this information could help the child progress and remember to always give feedback. B1 – Task: Explain why it is important that practitioners understand the limits and boundaries of their role when working with children Introduction – As a Level 3 practitioner is it important that you know your boundaries when working with children E8 – Bibliography Tassoni,P., (2007).Childcare and Education Level 3 1st edition , Heinemann http://www.ravenstoneschool.co.uk/about/show/our_mission 04/10/2012 http://www.myabacusnursery.co.uk/aboutus.html – 04/10/2012 http://www.dragonhall.org.uk/home/objectives/ 04/10/2012 http://www.unicef.org.uk/Documents/Publication-pdfs/betterlifeleaflet2012_pres

Laws Special Education Essay

Prior to 1969, there was no special education or related services offered to learning-disabled children. By providing funds, the Public Law of 1969 known as the Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Act has recognized children with â€Å"learning disabilities† (Berger, 2008, p. 302) and enabled them to receive special education and other services such as physical therapy, speech, transportation, etc. In addition, by enforcing mandated education for all children, the Public Law has protected children with disabilities from being rejected or forced out of school as it used to happen before 1960’s (Berger, 2008, p.302). By requiring local educational agencies to offer special education services for students with disabilities (Dunlap, 2009, p. 5), the Public Law provided parents/guardians with the opportunity to receive necessary assistance. As of 1975, the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA) required each child with disabilities to have the Individual Education Plan (IEP) written by the multidisciplinary team working with the student, which allowed specifying educational goals according to child’s unique needs. Also, by placing children with special needs in â€Å"least restrictive environment† (a setting as close as possible to a setting designed for children without disabilities), the EAHCA has helped the students with learning disabilities to advance their academic achievement and social skills (Berger, 2008, p. 302). Since the integration of EAHCA in 1975, the parental participation in the writing, approval, and evaluation of each child’s IEP has become mandatory (Dunlap, 2009, p. 91). The EAHCA also guarantees parents the right to sue a district if they feel that the best interest of their child is not being met or if they disagree with decisions regarding services provided to their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 7). Since 1990, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has worked in favor of â€Å"individuals† (previously referred to as â€Å"children†) to assist them with their â€Å"disabilities† (previously referred to as â€Å"handicaps†) (Berger, 2008, p. 302). IDEA emphasized parent’s right and collaboration in educational placement, IEP, and assessment of their child (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). This law allowed parents to have advocates in schools (trained individuals to work for the welfare of their children). Updated in 1997 and 2004, IDEA strengthened the role of parents and their rights to be involved in educational decisions affecting their children. As these laws have contributed to the present status of Special Education in the U. S. , they continue being crucial in ensuring the help that individuals with disabilities need. While the public law makers have incorporated numerous special services, they keep modifying previously integrated laws to ensure that each child’s unique needs are met. The IDEA of 1990, for example, added autism as classification category to address current disability (Dunlap, 2009, p. 9). Its amendment of 1997 listed AD/HD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) as a â€Å"separate disability category, making children with AD/HD eligible for services under the health-impairment category Other† (Dunlap, 2009, p. 11). Bibliography Berger, K. S. (2008) The developing person: Through the life span (7th ed. ) (pp. 301-305). New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Dunlap, L. L. (2009). An introduction to early childhood special education: Birth to age five. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc..

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Art theory - Essay Example However, in the case of The Third of May, de Goya seemed to have been inspired by the political and social status of Spain during that time, believed to have been in Spain during the six year French occupation in his country. It is also speculated that he personally witnessed the killings of his own people through a telescope after which, he visited the shooting venues and took note of the situation in a closer inventory. The metaphors presented in de Goya’s painting are seen in the dead people. If the speculations are true that he had personal inventories of the aftermath, the dead men speak for other people who have been killed. The whole picture does not only speak for one event but for all the killing events during that time whose victims are mostly commoners as the clothes in the painting show. The Spaniards on the left side, the weak side could be a metaphor in itself. In addition, their clothes which give away their social status which could be miners, farmers or other hard workers, speak of inability to save oneself when he is faced with a giant, not only in the physical sense of it but holistically as their enemies are armed with rifles and swords. In contrast, the soldiers on the right side speak of strength and being in control. Their guns and fires also speak the same language as they face the Spaniards who have no strength or means to fight back in a fair battle. The emotions that the Spaniards exude in the picture represent the fear that gripped all of those who have been represented in the picture when they were facing death in the hands of their colonizers. The folded hand of the man nearest the dead bodies is the metaphor of the Spaniards’ being religious. In this painting, their only resort is shown as the Almighty drawn from the sign language of clasping one’s hands in prayer as well as bowing in reverence to God. Looking closely at the man with

Politics and the English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics and the English Language - Essay Example The fall of English language from its pre-eminent place is described by Orwell, in his typical style. He writes, â€Å"It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts.†(5) As far as I can think, Orwell has correctly linked the decadence of his civilization with the collapse of the language. Language is the important tool with which humankind shapes its own purposes, and if the language fails on that count, the purpose of life is going to be directionless and destination-less. The connection between language and politics is intimate. If the former declines, the latter is influenced, either for good or bad. When the thought currents of politicians are not noble, one cannot expect his language to be noble. The language will be caught in the vicious circle. Orwell explains the predicament in his inimical style. â€Å"A man may take to drink because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the more completely because he drinks.†(5) It is necessary for a politician to think correctly and that will set the process of regeneration of politics. Orwell has done well to substantiate his arguments by providing five specimens of English written badly. The present downward spiral of the knowledge of English should not be allowed to go unchallenged. The decadence must halt. So the fight to rejuvenate the language is free for all but purposeful fight in which the politicians, the professional writers and the common people are involved. They all must have the will to enable the English language to grow and only then grow it will! Bad language is due to the vices generating in a bad

Describe the political situation in the south after the end of Essay

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Annotated Bibliography Example This source is important to the topic in that it gives practical approaches based on mind exercises that work to bring about happiness, and supports that indeed the subconscious mind is the determinant of one’s quality of life. Flanagan expresses a notion that since the world is all material, and human beings are material as well, finding a meaning for living that is beyond material is necessary. He then brings in Buddhism and states that in it one can find peace of mind since it employs a balance between morals and the subconscious mind, and that it is through Buddhism that humans can find a path to flourishing. This source is relevant to the problematic in that it indirectly supports that the subconscious mind is indeed the control centre for any mystical experiences and meditation exercise; which is what Buddhists practice and preach. In Watson’s book, it is revealed that the once rivaling concepts between science and Buddhism concerning the wellbeing of human beings are now merging. Watson explains that while the scientific approach based its notions on theories, Buddhism believed in practice. Concisely, the two parties have contributed in the understanding of what it takes to achieve wellbeing; relating well with the environment, with others, with our emotions, and with our embodiments. Watson’s information explains that unlike the parities that put an abyss between the two contexts, what they have both concluded is that no one part is able on its own. Rather, it is an interconnection of various aspects that contribute to the powers of the subconscious mind. In this book, the authors address the powers of the subconscious mind mostly in mystical experiences by highlighting the mind’s understanding from a Buddhist’s perspective. The highlighting analyses the levels of the mind and also the mode of stretching its understanding beyond the [usual] discursive thought level. To further explain, the authors discuss the elements of

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Feasibility study - Research Paper Example Protein is in the spotlight today because it is not only healthy, but it is also truly the essence of life. The Atkins diet hasn’t hurt the business any either but rather it has enlightened the mankind about importance of protein rich diet and ho it is healthy and valuable to the human beings. Many consumers have found cheese great for their diets and it has helped spur growth in the single-serve cheeses that are purchased in the grocery stores as an easy means of a quick snack readily available off the corner. Convenient foods are an ever growing food segment too which mostly contain cheese. Peezanoâ„ ¢ seeks to leverage and capitalize on the numerous competitive advantages its patents are able to provide in the food service (bulk cheese) and packaged cheese goods markets. In addition, the Company has identified a line of proprietary, delicious tasting, health conscious and convenient meal solutions. Peezano will initially target the domestic mozzarella cheese market as a means to leverage its advantage over the mozzarella cheese. This market represents well over 3 billion pounds of cheese produced and consumed each year which represents over pounds 4 billion in sales. The Company’s Peezanoâ„ ¢ cheese, will be marketed as a Premium level cheese with more flavor, fewer calories, less cholesterol, more tender and with a longer shelf life. Phase 1 : Product/Service Feasibility Analysis Cheese manufacturing technology developed by Peezanoâ„ ¢ allows it to produce a new kind of cheese that is better tasting than mozzarella and yet at a 30% lower cost. In 2010, the British consumers have consumed more than 2.6 billion pounds of cheese (www. .dairyco.org.uk). According to the most recent statistics, â€Å"Latest  Kantar Worldpanel  data shows that cheese volume sales have increased by 3.2% (12,649 tonnes) to 407,642 tonnes in the 52 weeks ending 26 December 2010, when compared to the same period in 2009. Spend has also increased compared t o the previous year, up by 3.6% (?84.8m) to ?2.5bn for the 52 weeks ending 26 December 2010.   The total average price stood at ?6.03/kg, 0.4% (?0.02/kg) more than the same period last year.† (www.dairyco.org.uk). Cheese is a highly nutritious and palatable food which contains protein, essential minerals, vitamins, and other nutrients found in the milk base. â€Å"Almost all households in Britain purchase cheese with the average household buying 1.5 times per week. The typical basket size was up by 4.7% over the last year with the average price paid of ?2.70 per kilogram giving a total spend per person of ?95.68.†Ã¢â‚¬  (www.flex-news-food.com) Today, British manufactures are using more than one-third of their milk production to produce cheese for the country. Concept and usability Testing:   The new technology of cheese manufacturing and the cheese quality produced was subjected to extensive consumer taste research. The concept was

Managing Cahange Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Managing Cahange - Essay Example The resources within the surgery are fairly well supplied. There is a good system in place to keep the prescriptions secure. There is a fully computerised clinical system, to maintain appointments, prescriptions, consultations etc. The practice is almost paper free and working towards becoming papers less. There is an open surgery every morning, so that patients receive emergency care when it is needed. Drug clinics run every Thursdays to cater for the drug addicts within the area. The staff is bilingual which means that the practice can provide service to in different languages to a wide range of nationalities within the area. The practice receives additional income for filling in insurance forms and solicitor's reports. The reputation of the surgery locally means that patients are received by word of mouth and through it's central location. Weaknesses There are 2 floors, so the surgery would find it difficult to employ disabled staff due to the fact that they would not be able to travel up and down the stairs. The refurbishments on Earl's Court Road mean that more patients will be attracted to the area the surgery is in. Due to the size of the premises it is possible to offer complimentary therapies, which means additional services for our patients i.e. osteopath, homeopath, acupuncturist etc. There is no named person to check the stock, which leads to the surgery running out of stock. This also leads to confusion as to where the stock is. This uses up the reception staffs time which could otherwise be used dealing with patients queries. The surgery requires a new clinical software upgrade, to speed up service and...The Practice moved in to its location in 1990 and is being fully computerised since then and now is nearly paperless. Doctors and staff record all patients' data on the clinical system. The Practice linked to the STHA for Registration and Items of Service claims and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital for Radiology and pathology results. The Practice has monthly Practice meetings to deal with any matters of concern. To produce a SWOT analysis of the practice and its services involving and considering the views and opinions of the entire practice team and its patients. In order to determine future planning of the practice's services. The refurbishments on Earl's Court Road mean that more patients will be attracted to the area the surgery is in. Due to the size of the premises it is possible to offer complimentary therapies, which means additional services for our patients i.e. osteopath, homeopath, acupuncturist etc. There is no named person to check the stock, which leads to the surgery running out of stock. This also leads to confusion as to where the stock is. This uses up the reception staffs time which could otherwise be used dealing with patients queries. Due to the central location of the surgery the running costs are higher. The area provides patients with different cultural backgrounds which affects maintaining a high standard, because of the language differences. Change

Annotated Source List Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Annotated Source List Assignment - Essay Example I am going to use a book Impact of electronic publishing written by David J Brown and Richard Boulder-stone. The writers discuss the consequences of electronic publishing and recommends on how publishers, writers and readers can assess electronic materials. Three Views of the internet written by Ann Marie and Wendy Wicks is another book that I will put into consideration since it has articles about the use of internet in publishing Industry. In addition, I will combine books and an eBook: The misuse of information systems by John P D’Arcy and Encyclopedia of Internet technologies and applications by Mario marques respectively. Other relative important articles that I have found helpful in doing the research include: Impact of Technology in Publishing by Hanno Ronte; impact of internet in the newspaper industry by George Wilbert.; and Effects of Information Technology on the Publishing Industry by Otuoma Sanya. The above articles will provide information on impacts of internet technologies in different publishing sectors. The articles will also provide information on how the internet has benefited and advanced publication sector. Numerous inquiries have developed on the impacts of internet publishing. I am really befuddled and thinking about how publishers and authors gain yet their work is downloaded free from the internet unless in some few cases like in Amazon where books are sold. This sometimes lead to the authors and publishers being demoralized since they gain less from their hard work they put across ensuring that the work they present is of high quality. I have a tendency to surmise that the amount of cash used by a reader as a part of downloading the materials is shared among the internet administrators, publishers and scholars. Numerous creative writers are gaining a great deal of cash through posting their imaginative work. I ponder what the internet has done to publishing commercial

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical Essay - 5

In the UK, ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical business - Essay Example Customers sometimes pay premium prices for products from socially responsible organizations but may also punish those businesses that are not socially responsible. However, I am in full support of the argument that â€Å"in the UK, Ethical businesses are not as successful as less ethical businesses.† McMurrian & Matulich (2006) say that changing business environment as a result of competition is making business organizations to change their strategies so as to achieve strategic fit. Ideally, being ethical is supposed to help businesses to gain consumer trust. This is aimed at increasing sale of products (p.11). An ethical business not only cares about its perception by the society but also cares about its employees. This means that if it treats its employees ethically, they become satisfied, loyal and productive, produce quality service and reach their highest level of capability. An ethical business also cares about their customers and for this they gain customer satisfaction and loyalty which translates to profitability (p.12). However, there are some organizations in the UK which do not operate ethically yet they continue making profits year after year. Reese (2010) gives McDonalds as an example; this organization has a negative impact on the environment in many ways. To star t with, it usually consumes large amounts of energy in form of electricity in order to run its multiple retail outlets. Pollution from the factories which produce its products is another and not mentioning the wastes as a result of the food produced. However, it still continues to rack profits annually because people can’t help themselves when it comes to eating their fast foods. McDonalds also purchases their products from privatized farmlands which is good. However, some of these farmlands at some point had been a rainforests. This cannot be directly attributed to

Pluto Paper Essay Example for Free

Pluto Paper Essay Ever since grade school you were taught that our solar system has nine planets. Sadly that is no longer the case; in 2006 astronomers have decided that Pluto no longer qualifies as a planet. Pluto is now considered a â€Å"Dwarf Planet† and has caused a lot of controversy among astronomers. A dwarf planet is not even considered to be a planet, and there are projected to be hundreds of them in our galaxy. Pluto is being demoted to what amounts as a third class citizen in our galaxy. Thousands of textbooks will have to be revised and changed in our schools just because of this one change they made to our solar system. According to the new definition for a planet, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit. The definition is flawed, relating to â€Å"clear the neighborhood†. Every 228 years Pluto crosses inside of the orbit of Neptune, so technically speaking, it does not clear its neighborhood. But that also means that Neptune does not clear its own neighborhood. Mars and Jupiter don’t clear their neighborhoods as they â€Å"interfere† with the Asteroids, and the Earth actually orbits the Sun with thousands of Asteroids. So the Earth doesn’t clear its own neighborhood either. So if we use the new definition, Pluto, Neptune, Jupiter, Mars, and the Earth, are not planets! Otherwise Pluto fits the definition for a planet; it is from a faulty definition that Pluto is no longer allowed to be a planet. Also, a body’s difficulty in clearing its orbit or the volume of space that it must clear increases dramatically its distance from the sun increases. Clearing is most difficult for Pluto, the furthest â€Å"planet† from the sun. Furthermore, why aren’t â€Å"Dwarf Planets† known as planets? Dwarf Stars are still stars, and Dwarf Galaxies are still galaxies. If it has the word â€Å"planet† in it why is it not a planet? One of the biggest problems with how Pluto got demoted from being a planet was the voting process. Although there are over 10,000 Astronomers in the International Astronomical Union, only 237 of them voted and approved this definition. Only 4% of the astronomer population voted, many of them felt they should have been able to vote electronically. Therefore, there was NOT a majority consensus of what a planet is. If people had to be at only one specific spot every time they voted for something I’m sure even our presidential votes would have changed because no one would want to vote. Hundreds of Astronomers around the world have signed petitions to ignore the new definition and still refer to Pluto as the ninth planet in our Solar System. They believe the definition of a planet is sloppy and needs to be drastically revised. If so many astronomers don’t agree with the decision, what gave them the right to change the definition and make Pluto no longer a planet? The demotion of Pluto is also going to hurt its research funding. No one wants to study it if it’s not important enough to be a planet. Discovered in 1930, Pluto orbits the Sun, has three moons, has an atmosphere, has weather, and even polar caps. It is not that much different than any of the other planets. It has been known as a planet for more than 75 years, and to change its status with a poor definition and process is bad science. Pluto has earned the right to be a planet; it has been for years and for a few men to say it’s not based on a bad definition is wrong. Pluto needs to be considered a planet again, who knows what they might try to change in our solar system next.

Child labor in Egypt

Child labor in Egypt Child labor in Egypt Child labour is work that may harm children or keep them away from education. It is a disaster on edge, a world wide known scene is the working child. You can see them every where especially in developing countries, rural areas. To the degree that you can forget that its a big catastrophe that really concerns our families and communities. Our hope in those children fades into a black ugly future. Child labor is work that harms children or keeps them from attending school. I do believe that Poverty and the lack of education are the most important reasons for child labor, especially in the agrarian sector. Other reports show that the policies of market liberalization contribute greatly to the spread of this phenomenon and the violation of childrens rights to care and protection. More over Consequences of child labor are crystal clear which do affect the psychological state and their health; causes are varied according to the community, needs, traditions and the knowledge raising level. However solutions are always available if we do care to reach them. This essay examines the problem of child labor and its causes and effects, together with the required measures needed in order to prevent the serious issues that could be disastrous and life threatening on Egyptian children. First we have to define the word child; the meaning could be based on different aspects, some can refer to puberty age as a quite end of childhood thus boys of 13 and girls of 10 are supposed to be mature and not children anymore, in my opinion this is the peek of injustice. Other can refer to the education years, so that after secondary education you are more of a man knowing that you completed about 16 years old, much better opinion yet not really satisfying. Others do prefer the medically word reaching, being mature by 21, and that is quite fair but it wont ever be considered as a minimum working age in our country. So the word actually differs from one culture to another, and as a result laws should be imposed on that part which I think that its effective when discussing that problem, the real age of working should be settled under the supervision of lots of medical and psychological doctors to reach the optimum age where we can say that working man is not more a child labor. When thinking about it, there are a lot of complexities and considerations that should be taken wisely and handled carefully to achieve the best results. First we have to know or even passing by the psychology of the child. It is well known that his psychology and his mental state structure are really different from the mature ones, they had their own thinking and their own bright colored captivated world, it should be mingled with joy and happiness, play and developing themselves step by step but in insuring way, to discover their own world through their families, their bodies and souls. An important stage that will surely affect our lives in the future, what if that part of his life is removed, depriving him from his rights, but even adding a lot of responsibilities on his back? They will surely age quickly and die much younger. Few can consider it a benefit that working early in your life would grow the reliability and the responsibility features in the kid of 8 years, Im totally against it, they think that those arent human but more of computers, the more you give, the more you take, its more like feeding a new born baby the usual meals of a grown man. Being a thief, that what someone can call himself when he orders a kid to work, stealing his best part of his life, his childhood, he is aging him so early that the child could come to a certain point and got lost just from tiredness. â€Å"Children are bullied, isolated and shut out of school. They are missing out on education. They are missing out on medicines. Children are missing your love, care and protection.† (Jackie Chan) Children have special needs that should be fulfilled first before going to work like basic needs of food, shelter, emotions, and love and caring. It is believed that the last one is the most important thing to produce a reasonable state and a man later. The fact of choosing has to be considered also, had the child has the right of choosing being a labour or not, most of them had been ordered to work either by their parents or any other member of their family. What can a child aged 6 years offer to a family or even his country? Nothing actually he loads on it. Thus parents should think for the best of their children and stop selfishness and lust for money. Some families may send their own children to what is called an easy work, like a delivery guy or something rather than sending them to hard work like coal mining work and all that work concerning efforts and great deals of concentration. But actually work is a work, whether its easy or hard, physical or mental involved work. All work involves a challenge and still those easy worked labors do called child labors. Parents and the government are fully responsible for the appearance of such devastating scenes in the street and it huge spread. The few pounds that a child earns really would never make such a big difference. Normally children are paid fewer wages than adults, this does not make parents feel proud to see their child working and spending his money on satisfying the basic needs of the home, or greedy aims that had turned family members into monsters that can deprive their child from the colorful and respectful life again, even animals do not let their children hunt food or go on their own. Thus fear do control our children, they can do everything even the impossible just to feel safe no more. Parents also fear their hidden entrusted future, so they use their children as a life grasping tool in order to overcome the worse which is life. They do refer that they care about them the most and at the same time they are driving them to hell, moving them out of schools, creating small rude bullies deprived from any good manners that we really need to plant it in our children those days. Some may sympathies with those parents; one may say that they got nothing but their children to make their living. Maybe the parents were too old ore even disabled, thus there is no way from abusing and seducing their children. Birth control is a huge issue that threatens the futures of all children. This will increase the level of poverty which forces kids to leave education and go to work to support their families There is abject poverty in Egypt, so families use children as breadwinners, (Nevine Osman Dec 4, 2006). There will be lack of job chances with more competition in case of failure to control birth. Starting campaigns to tell people about ways of controlling birth and what are the problems of having lots of children. They will also know how to change their lifestyle and their way of thinking in life which will help them generally in their lives. Traditions play a very important role here, for example land lord, and would prefer to move his child out of school to help him in planting and cropping fields. Not a money need problem, but a tradition that a son should be always be his fathers eyes and soul, he should imitate him, stick at his back, moving out of his personality and wear his fathers, depriving him from his right of choice, being a copy cat of his father, being of no use in the whole community. He would fail to success and he would fail to return to him self once more which could trigger a lot of psychological problems in those children when they grow up. Jealousy could rush out extremely which would be very dangerous on the child, he would turn into a greedy person, who envy his friends if he would still have any, also he will hold a lot of greed towards his family. And it is not his fault, but his parents. In many rural areas where education is not strong enough there to make a difference; because of the lack of schools or it is too expensive to afford, some families may not trust education, they were not educated and thus they introduce to the new world arrogant people that will surely be a load on the whole community. This practice is considered exploitative by manyinternational organizationsand is illegal in many countries. Child labor was exploited to varying extents through most of history, but entered public strife with the arrival ofuniversal education, with changes in working conditions during theindustrial revolution, and with the emergence of the concepts ofworkers andchildrens rights. During theIndustrial Revolution, cant imagine that young children of only four were employed in production factories with horrible, and almost fatal, working conditions.Based on this issue of abusing children, now developed countries turned to be ahuman rightsinfringement, and are outlawed, however some poorer countries may accept or even encourage child labour. Charles Dickensfor example worked at the age of 12 with his poor family in a blackening factory of a certain prison and his suffering really appeared in his writings from Oliver Twist and others. Supple boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; tiny children were entitled to crawl under machinery to retrieve cotton seeds; above it children were ordered to work incoal minesto scramble through low and narrow tunnels which cant be reached by older men. They worked as undertaking boys, crossing sweepers. They do deserve your deepest pity and mine too. A high number of children also worked asprostitutes.Children as young as three were put to business. In coal mines children began work at the age of four and regularly died before the age of 24. Many children worked over than 16 hour days. Some of those poor creatures worked as tourists guides, entitled to bring in business for shops and restaurants and there they may work as well as waiters. They are given a lot of tedious and repetitive jobs like assembling boxes, polishing shoes, pilling up a stores products. However, most child labor occurs in the informal sector, selling many things on the streets, at work in agriculture orhidden away in houses—far from the reach of official labor inspectors and from media scrutiny. (Mubarak, Susan (2002)). And all the work that they did was done in all types of weather; and was also done for minimal pay. As long as there is family poverty there will be child labor. According toUNICEF, there are about 158 million children aged 6 to 14 in child labors worldwide, excluding child domestic labor. TheUnited Nationsand theInternational Labor Organizationconsider child labour exploitative,with the UN stipulating, in article 32 of theConvention on the Rights of the Childthat: States Parties recognize the right of the child to be protected from economic exploitation and from performing any work that is likely to be hazardous or to interfere with the childs education, or to be harmful to the childs health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development.(Convention on the Rights of the Child 29thDecember 2009). Also globally there is an estimated count of 250 million children working. Concerns have normally been raised over the buying publics ethical conspiracy in buying products gathered or even produced insome developing countrieswith child labour; on the other side others have raised concerns thatboycottingproducts manufactured using child labour may direct these children to more back-breaking or gruelling professions, such as prostitution or even peculation. Child labor is a pressing issue in Egypt and the world, Egypt is well known of its high quality cotton and its enormous cotton fields, thus most of families in delta do rely on farming. Researches showed that the children employed there work long hours, routinely face beatings at the hands of foremen, and are poorly protected against pesticides and heat. Working eleven hours a day, seven days a week. The children inspect cotton plants for leaf worm eggs and manually remove infected portions of leaves. Actually children were cheaper to hire, more obedient, and had the appropriate height for inspecting cotton plants. Majority of them are between the ages of seven and twelve who earn on average three Egyptian pounds (less than one U.S. dollar) each day. Knowing that Temperatures in Nile Delta cotton fields can reach 40 degrees Celsius. Added to it, Requests for water are granted at the discretion of the foremen. Most of children recounted routine beatings with wooden switches by foreme n whenever a child was perceived to be slowing down or overlooking leaves. They are humiliated, we were alarmed, but where is the action? Children resumed work on cotton fields either immediately after pesticide spraying or after twenty-four to forty-eight hours, a period that falls short of the recommended intervals for reentry after the use of certain pesticides registered for use in Egypt. Article 124 of the Egypt Labor Act No. 91 of 1959 stipulates that no child under 12 years of age may be employed under any circumstances and sets the minimum age at 15 years for some hazardous industries. Labor Law 137 of 1981 states that children between the ages of 12 and 15 are allowed to work 6 hours a day, but not after 7:00 p.m. Decrees No. 12 and 13 issued by the Ministry of Manpower and Vocational Training in 1982 specify various hazardous jobs and industries where the employment of children under 15, in a few cases, and 17, in other cases, are prohibited. (Child Labor in Export Industries) The government is currently considering revisions to its labor code. Where the draft legislation being discussed would raise the minimum age for work to 14 years and would establish a number of conditions and protections for working children between the ages of 14 and 17. In the formal sector, particularly in the state-owned factories where most of export production is concentrated, local trade unions report that Egypts labor laws were well enforced. By contrast, there appears to be little effort by the government to oversee conditions in the informal sector. Small factories and workshops are occasionally subject to labor inspections although working conditions for children, as well as adults, often remain in violation of labor laws.The Ministry of Manpower noted that its 2,000 labor inspectors cited 72,000 violations stemming from 500,000 site visits in 1993.On the other hand, independent studies and interviews indicate that many employers view the inspectors as ineffective, at best. The most recent effort to address child labor in Egypt was the 1994 child labor workshops for government labor inspectors, jointly sponsored by the ILO International Program for the Elimination of Child Labor (IPEC) and the Egyptian Ministry of Manpower and Training. UNICEF also has an active program which conducts and sponsors research on child labor. Interviews with several trade unions, the Egyptian Trade Union Federation and the Arab Labor Organization revealed little activity regarding child labor. The unions are active in the formal sector of the economy where they say child labor does not exist. Egyptian non-governmental organizations (NGOs) focus primarily on research and action to ameliorate the worst aspects of child labor. For example, groups conduct training sessions to teach children a marketable skill in non-hazardous industries, such as sewing. They operate health clinics and literacy programs as well as child care centers for working mothers. Campaigns are underway to raise public awareness of the detrimental effects of child labor. Still other NGOs work to promote government enforcement of existing child labor laws, particularly prohibitions against children working excessive hours, at night, or in hazardous industries. Government should pay monthly salaries to the families who live beyond the poverty lines and others who are incapable to work, to help them bare with their childrens education fees and replace the salary that children used to take. They should know that in case of making their children also work besides the salary the already take, they will not be able to have the monthly salary. Also medical services should be available in cheap prices to cure the effects of labour on children before they go to school to benefit education to the most and also be able to deal with new people from higher or lower levels and how to not get affected by lower ones and get forward to try to be like higher levels. â€Å"When the lives and the rights of children are at stake, there must be no silent witnesses.†- Carol Bellamy. Child labour inspectors should be hired by the government to trace any child labour and report labourers who deserve to be prosecuted like any other criminal. Summing up, child labour is an unacceptable and an inhumanly issue that we should deal with it with much care, it always pushes people to think about the causes of poverty, lack of education, families strictly unbearable lust for wealth; and the consequences from creating a whole uneducated bullies of generations, of no use for our community but it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Withdrawing children from child labour, providing them with education and assisting their families with training and employment opportunities contribute directly to creating decent work for adults and put them as Egyptians on the top of the world where it can be considered as an essential step to grab the worlds attention to our efforts in order to be a well developed country, Egypt will no more be a third world country. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labor http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Child_labor Bellamy, Carol, (1995-2004) Executive Director of the United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF) (Child Labor in Export Industries) retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/egypt.htm (Convention on the Rights of the Child)Retrieved (29thDecember 2009) from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/crc.htm) (Mubarak, Susan (5/5/2002) The first Global Report on Child Labor (A future without child labour) retrieved (3rdJanuary 2010) from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_labour). Osman, Nevine (Dec 4, 2006) Egyptian children trade childhood for money retrieved from (http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSP22649220061204)

Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Nursing Essay

Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Nursing Essay Diabetes UK (2008) explains that Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) occurs when blood glucose levels are consistently high. When there is lack of glucose in the blood, the bodys cells use fat stores to acquire energy, this process produces an acid called ketones. As ketones are potentially harmful to the body, it tries to get rid of them by excreting them in the urine. If the level of ketones in the bloodstream continue to rise, ketoacidosis occurs whereby the blood turns acidic. as a consequence, patients may feel nauseous, have blurred vision and have very rapid breathing. Because people vomit, the body becomes dehydrated and it is harder for the body to flush out the ketones, if this happens and is left untreated, the patient will fall into a coma which can be fatal. As Daniel was suffering from a chest infection, he was at high risk of developing DKA as his body was releasing more glucose into the bloodstream and stop insulin from working efficiently, this is a triggered response to the infection (Moore, 2004). How is DKA managed? Kisiel and Marsons (2009) explore the regime which is usually carried out in hospitals faced with patients like Daniel. Firstly, a diagnosis of DKA would have been made alongside hypoglycaemia (high blood glucose levels). His urine would have been tested for ketones as standard regime. Arteirial blood gas measurement may also have been performed to demonstrate the level of acidity. A series of blood tests would have been taken to measure Daniels urea and creatinine levels (measures of kidney function), markers of infection would also have been measured such as white blood cell count. Fluid replacement would have been commenced, insulin administered and his potassium level would have also been monitored in the high dependency unit. What could have influenced Daniels rising BMs? It should be taken into consideration that Daniels rising blood sugar levels could be influenced by a number of factors and Jo should take these into account. Jo should check the equipment supplying Daniels insulin as it may be faulty or the pump may not be functioning correctly. She should also ensure that the line is properly connected to the cannula and that it is not leaking or that there is no blockage along the line, or that the cannula has not tissued. Daniels cannula site should be inspected on every shift to check for Phlebitis using the Visual Infusion Phelbitis score (VIP) in line with local policy. Nursing decisions Many factors could have contributed to both Jo and the Senior Nurses decisions and the decision made either way could impact on Daniels condition. If Jo had decided not to increase the insulin and the senior nurse had not increased it either, Daniel may have slipped back into a coma as his blood glucose levels had been rising over time. This would have led to more complications and could have been fatal. However, increasing the insulin may also have had a negative result for Daniel. As it was not prescribed, it may have been increased too much and the blood sugar level could be reduced to an unsafe level and he may suffer a hypoglycaemic episode. Although this is unlikely, it should be mentioned that the senior nurses decision to alter the prescription without it being prescribed was wrong. Accountability According to the NMCs code of professional conduct (2008), as a professional, you are personally accountable for actions and omissions in your practice and must always be able to justify your decisions. As the senior nurses made a decision to alter the insulin infusion without it being prescribed, she is personally accountable to what happens to that patient as a consequence of doing so. On the other hand, Jo is also accountable for her omissions so it could be seen that both of the nurses are responsible for what they do or dont do in this situation. The senior nurse may have thought she was acting in the best interests of the patient, following the NMC code of conduct standard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Accountability is the fundamental aspect to professional practice (NMC 2008) and nurses need to be able to justify why they made any decision in practice. Nurses do make judgments based on a number of influences which include their professional knowledge/skills, evidence based practice and acting on the patients best interests. In this situation, the senior nurse may have been a nurse prescriber who had the authority to prescribe drugs from a limited group in the nurse prescribers formulary (McHale 2003). This would have allowed her to alter Daniels prescription without a doctor. She may also have had background knowledge of Daniels condition and thought the best decision to make was to change the insulin dose so that the patient would not have deteriorated further. The senior nurse should be working within her acquired job description which would have included expectations and limitations to what she was required to do as part of her job. Vicarious liability comes into mind in this instance; Richardson (2002) explains that as the employer is responsible for any torts which are committed by an employee during their employment. Torts are described as any legal wrongs for which the law provides a remedy. In this case, the senior nurse has preformed a tort and the person employing her is liable. As Jo was the nurse who was looking after Daniel that day, she also has responsibility to what happens to the patient whilst in her care. This raises the question of who actually is accountable for what happens to Daniel; the nurse looking after him or the nurse who performed the alteration. As it states that Jo is newly qualified, it can be assumed that she may need support from her peers. She would have had a supernumerary period, where she was allocated patients but support was there when she needed it. Also known as preceptorship, newly qualified nurses are accompanied by an experienced nurse who acts as a role model and resource (Ashurst 2008). If the senior nurse was Jos preceptor, she would not have been setting a good example to her. The NMC code of conduct states that you must work cooperatively within teams and respect the skills, expertise and contributions of your colleagues, the senor nurse was clearly not being cooperative with Jo and did not allow her to share her concerns. Castledine (1999) explains how newly qualified nurses are sometimes expected to fit into the system of the ward very quickly and in addition, adapt to a whole range of situations that they have never experienced before. Jo may have been feeling unsupported by her senior and her confiden ce may have been knocked due to the attitude and response of the senior nurse. Documentation As the senior nurse did change the prescription, it needs to be documented somewhere in line with the NMC code. In this situation it could be questioned who documents the alteration of the insulin and where in the nursing notes it should be written. Medication administration arguably carries the biggest risk for nurses (Elliot Liu 2010). This particular scenario could be described as a medication error as the change in prescription was not verified by a doctor. Elliot and Liu (2010) confirm the fact that nurses must only administer the dose prescribed by the medical officer, and that the nurse who administers the medication must sign the medication chart. It should also be documented in the nursing notes as well as signing the chart, and should include the reason for administration and the desired effect (Elliot Liu 2010). Woodrow (2007) stipulates that nurses should be aware of the legal responsibility of accuracy of documentation. So in this situation, the senior nurse should wri te in the nursing notes why she gave the unprescribed dose to Daniel, and Jo should comment why she did not, as well as outlining what happened. Incident Reporting Patient Safety Jo could think about writing an incident form in this situation to voice her concerns. The scenario could be seen as a near miss as the patient may well have suffered dire consequences from either of the decisions made by the nurses. The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurances Regulations (RIDDOR 1995) places a legal responsibility to employers, self employed people and people in control on premises, to report any dangerous occurrence/near miss (Ashurst 2007). Jo could include on the form that she was not happy with the senior nurses decision to alter the insulin pump, and therefore cover herself. By completing an incident report, Jo is following local and national policy and it could also bring to light other problems such as rushed transfers, doctor shortage and lack of support. RIDDOR coordinates its work with the NPSA. The National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) was formed in 2001 following two publications of patient safety in the NHS. These incorporated research conducted by Vincent et al (2001) which showed that 10% of patients admitted to hospital suffered some kind of patient safety incident. The NPSA has produced a guide to good practice called Seven Steps to Patient Safety (NPSA, 2003) Steps include; building a safer culture, leading and supporting your practice team, integrating your risk management activity, promoting reporting, involving and communicating with patients and the public, learning and sharing safety lessons and implementing solutions to prevent harm. Dimond (2002) explains how the NPSA aims to ensure that adverse events will be identified, reported, analyzed and recorded to make a change to local and national policies and procedures. Jo could refer to this guide and also make others aware of it and improve the patient safety of not only Daniel but every patient on the ward. Inter-professional Working There are several benefits of inter-professional working, the senior nurse and Jo should be aware of these in order to work together and provide effective care. Benefits of inter-professional working which were identified in a report by Cook et al (2001) showed that the team members had more confidence in their decision making as they had encouragement and support from their colleagues. This allowed team members to make better contributions to the overall service in which they were a part of, consequently providing a more effective service to the patients in their care. Jo would have increased her confidence in dealing with similar situations in the future if the senior nurse had spoke to her and answered her questions. There is a great deal of literature which discusses the barriers and difficulties associated with inter-professional collaboration. It should not be assumed that simply instructing professionals to work together will be sufficient to result in effective teams which provide improved services to their patients. A variety of barriers to interdisciplinary working exist that delay the developments of close collaborative working relationships. Hudson (2002) outlines some barriers to effective inter-professional working in terms of relationships between members of different professions such as nurse and doctors. One barrier that he notes is that the character of professional identity is such that where members of a certain profession have similar or shared values, perceptions and experiences, there will be more agreement between members of a profession than between members of different professions. This disagreement shapes inter-professional relationships, and is likely to cause problems wi thin multi-disciplinary team working. In Jos case, she could have bleeped the doctor herself and asked him about the prescription, but as mentioned if he was busy he may have been reluctant to take the call. The senior nurses reaction to Jo demonstrated the hierarchical struggle between a more senior nurse and a very junior member of staff. Although inter-professional working has much potential to enhance care, it can also produce tensions and concerns within the health care team (Peate 2006). It is also important to note that some barriers are organisational or structural such as merging or Trusts, relocation and withdrawal of services. In this scenario, the main barrier is that there are two different skill mixes with conflicting ideas. Irvine et al (2002) also consider some organisational difficulties and barriers to the effectiveness of inter-professional practice. They identify that differences in working hours may hinder the development of close working relationships between professionals. Also the time different professionals take to carry out particular work may cause difficulties. For example doctors may be making decisions regarding clients on a day-to-day basis whereas social workers need to undertake longer term casework to meet their clients needs. Also, financial constraints can influence the ability of a team to practice effective collaborative working. McCray notes that when budgets and resources are limited, the issue of who will pay for the intervention can also create tension within teams. Even if practitioners wish to work collaboratively, their managers may be less able to facilitate this due to budgeting constraints, and may therefore place restrictions on the amount of collaboration that can tak e place. Irvine et al (2002) considers that differing value systems between professions may also contribute to problems with the determining of priority of certain cases. The senior nurse may have decided that she would prioritise Daniels well-being over the values of Jo. Different professions or grades will see patients needs as being at different levels of importance as their aims and goals for the patient will be dissimilar. This can create problems and sources of conflict between different grades of nurses and some, such as the senior nurse may feel as though their patients needs are being ignored or devalued mainly in this situation by Jo or the doctor who is looking after Daniel. Hudson (2002) also explains that issues relating to professional status also have implications for inter-professional relationships. Health and social care professions in particular have very different levels of training, education and legal restriction. In this case, it seems that the senior nurse is devaluing Jos opinions and knowledge and sticking to her own. All the barriers discussed can create stress and tension between team members. Irvine et al (2002) state that professional structures are differentiated by demographics; the size of the occupations membership; gender composition; the class of origin of its members; educational attainment; status and the relative size and source of primary income. These differences are all quoted as barriers to inter-professional working. What have I learnt? By analysing this scenario I have learnt many attributes which contribute to effective patient care and working in a team.

Use of Metaphor in The Big Sleep :: sleep

Use of Metaphor in The Big Sleep Raymond Chandler wrote The Big Sleep as a piece of hard boiled detective fiction. This style was a reaction to the high style of detective stories such as those involving Sherlock Holmes and Miss Marple. Writers often set hard boiled detective novels in a gritty world where everyone has a past. In The Big Sleep, Chandler keeps this edgy, lower class tone right down to the objects he utilizes for comparisons in his metaphors. Chandler is highly precise in his word choice and diction. Through his language his is able to craft a world that I as the reader am able to visualize. When I see this world, I see a black and white world filled with real characters who live life on the mean side of the streets. When I first read The Big Sleep as a reader who pays little attention to style, I was practically unaware of Chandler's precision in creating this mental image for his reader. However upon a second read, I began to notice that the reason I was able to have such a vivid mental image of this hard edged world is that Chandler's detail and imagery maintains this picture right down to his metaphors. Part of the attempt of hard boiled detective novels is to be more realistic partly in response to the audience the fiction was being written for which was a more working class audience that read magazines in which these writers often published this fiction. So, Chandler to be true to both his audience and the genre utilizes commonplace objects in his metaphors. This can be seen in metaphors such as "like the buzzing of bees" (218) which is not only a sound which any audience would most likely be familiar with but also a rather plain description utilized to create the metaphor unlike one that might be placed in a romantic poem for instance. Some of the other commonplace metaphors that Chandler use include: "like a window-dresser getting the effect of a new twist of a scarf around a dummy's neck" (225), "as if I was some kind of strange beast escaped from a traveling circus" (207), "like light filtered through an aquarium tank"(8), "like wildflowers fighting for life on a b are rock"(7), "like a fresh fall of snow at Lake Arrowhead" (17) "like a puppy at the fringe of a rug"(20), "like a footbridge over a gully" (33).

Benjamin Franklin Essay example -- essays research papers fc

Benjamin Franklin-Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin has influenced American technology, and indirectly, lifestyles by using his proficiencies and intelligence to conduct numerous experiments, arrive at theories, and produce several inventions. Franklin's scientific and analytical mind enabled him to generate many long lasting achievements which contributed to the development and refinement of modern technology. Few national heroes, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, played a more significant role in shaping the American way of life than Franklin. According to Fowler, "He personified the ideal of the self-made man, and his rise from obscurity to eminence exemplified the American dream" (32). Looby adds, "The study of Franklin's image for the past two centuries shows that his legacy had a distinctive place in American culture" (85). It has been felt by many people over the years that there was no United States inventor as great as Franklin until the time of Thomas A. Edison (Blow 24). Franklin's words to a friend in Pennsylvania, Joseph Huey, best explain his attitude not only toward what he considered his civic duties, but also his investigations as a scientist or philosopher. He made some of the most famous and certainly the most practical discoveries of his time. "For my own part, when I am employed in serving others, I do not look upon myself as conferring favours, but as paying debts. In my travels, and since my settlement, I have received much kindness from men, to whom I shall never have any opportunity of making the least direct return . . . I can therefore only return on their fellow men; and I can only show my gratitude for these mercies from God, by a readiness to help his other children and my Brethren" (Dineen 6). Wright quotes Franklin as saying, "As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others," and, "we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours" (19). Franklin summarizes his attitude toward his inventions by asking the question, "What signifies Philosophy that does not apply to some use?" (Fleming 21). Another time Franklin is quoted as saying, "Utility is in my opinion the test of value in matters of invention, and that a discovery which can be applie... ...ngame, Roger. Benjamin Franklin: Envoy Extraordinary. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967. Clark, Ronald W. A Biography: Benjamin Franklin. New York: Random House, 1983. Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Statesman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. Dineen, Michael P. The Most Amazing American: Benjamin Franklin. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Country Beautiful, 1973. Donovan, Frank R. The Many Worlds of Benjamin Franklin. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1963. Fleming, Thomas. The Man Who Dared The Lightning: A New Look At Benjamin Franklin. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1971. Fowler, Mary J. Great Americans. Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Fideler Company, 1960 Looby, Christopher. Benjamin Franklin. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. Meltzer, Milton. Benjamin Franklin: The New American. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Potter, Robert R. Benjamin Franklin. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Publishers, 1991. Seeger, Raymond J. Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973. Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986. Benjamin Franklin Essay example -- essays research papers fc Benjamin Franklin-Scientist and Inventor Benjamin Franklin has influenced American technology, and indirectly, lifestyles by using his proficiencies and intelligence to conduct numerous experiments, arrive at theories, and produce several inventions. Franklin's scientific and analytical mind enabled him to generate many long lasting achievements which contributed to the development and refinement of modern technology. Few national heroes, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, played a more significant role in shaping the American way of life than Franklin. According to Fowler, "He personified the ideal of the self-made man, and his rise from obscurity to eminence exemplified the American dream" (32). Looby adds, "The study of Franklin's image for the past two centuries shows that his legacy had a distinctive place in American culture" (85). It has been felt by many people over the years that there was no United States inventor as great as Franklin until the time of Thomas A. Edison (Blow 24). Franklin's words to a friend in Pennsylvania, Joseph Huey, best explain his attitude not only toward what he considered his civic duties, but also his investigations as a scientist or philosopher. He made some of the most famous and certainly the most practical discoveries of his time. "For my own part, when I am employed in serving others, I do not look upon myself as conferring favours, but as paying debts. In my travels, and since my settlement, I have received much kindness from men, to whom I shall never have any opportunity of making the least direct return . . . I can therefore only return on their fellow men; and I can only show my gratitude for these mercies from God, by a readiness to help his other children and my Brethren" (Dineen 6). Wright quotes Franklin as saying, "As we enjoy great advantages from the inventions of others," and, "we should be glad of an opportunity to serve others by any invention of ours" (19). Franklin summarizes his attitude toward his inventions by asking the question, "What signifies Philosophy that does not apply to some use?" (Fleming 21). Another time Franklin is quoted as saying, "Utility is in my opinion the test of value in matters of invention, and that a discovery which can be applie... ...ngame, Roger. Benjamin Franklin: Envoy Extraordinary. New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1967. Clark, Ronald W. A Biography: Benjamin Franklin. New York: Random House, 1983. Cohen, I. Bernard. Benjamin Franklin: Scientist and Statesman. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. Dineen, Michael P. The Most Amazing American: Benjamin Franklin. Waukesha, Wisconsin: Country Beautiful, 1973. Donovan, Frank R. The Many Worlds of Benjamin Franklin. New York: American Heritage Publishing Co., 1963. Fleming, Thomas. The Man Who Dared The Lightning: A New Look At Benjamin Franklin. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1971. Fowler, Mary J. Great Americans. Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Fideler Company, 1960 Looby, Christopher. Benjamin Franklin. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1990. Meltzer, Milton. Benjamin Franklin: The New American. New York: Franklin Watts, 1988. Potter, Robert R. Benjamin Franklin. New Jersey: Silver Burdett Publishers, 1991. Seeger, Raymond J. Benjamin Franklin: New World Physicist. New York: Pergamon Press, 1973. Wright, Esmond. Franklin of Philadelphia. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1986.

Reconstruction :: essays research papers

At the end of the Civil War there was a period of time in the United States known as the reconstruction period, that lasted for about a decade. During this period the country was in a state of rebuilding. Money, bonds, and stocks were worth nothing. Forty thousand United State citizens were dead or gone, and cities lay in ruin. The dream of an independent nation was just that, an unrealistic dream. The south had lost entire cities to destruction of war and needed to not only rebuild them but also revive its cotton industry. During both the civil war and civil war reconstruction time periods, there were many changes going on in the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation, as well as legislation such as the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, was causing a new awakening of democracy; while the renouncing of secession by the South marked a definite triumph for Nationalism. As well, the government was involved in altercations of its own. During reconstruction, the legislat ive and executive branches eventually came to blows over the use of power. The nation was being altered by forces which caused, and later repaired, a broken Union. President Lincoln wanted everything to return to normal as quickly as possible after the war. Therefore, Lincoln announced the freeing of all slaves in areas not in Union control. Although the proclamation did not free all slaves everywhere, it was the action that would push Congress to pass the thirteenth amendment in 1865. The amendment, ratified later in 1865, stated that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude . . . shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Lincoln also established a plan for reconstruction, which was deemed the Ten Percent Plan. Even before the war ended, Lincoln knew there would be a need of a plan of reconstruction. Lincoln issued a proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction for the people in the south. The proclamation basically forgave and Confederate for trying to secede from the Union if he would swear to support the Constitution of the United States and the Union. Politically, Lincoln would recogn ize the state executively if one tenth of the conquered state’s total vote in the presidential election f 1860 took an oath of allegiance to the union and organized a government that got rid of slavery. The Radical Republicans wanted a slower readmission process so they trued to pass the Wade-Davis Bill, which would make one half of eligible voters to take the oath of allegiance and accept emancipation.

Cultural Misunderstandings Essay

Are you drinking plenty of fluids? Patient thoughts: I wonder why he is asking me that, what it is with these people and water I don’t like the water here. It’s too cold. I don’t know what’s wrong with people here that they drink that. Really And what happens when you drink the cold water? Patients thoughts: What does he mean, what happens? Everyone knows that drinking cold water is not good for you. Maybe I should see a different doctor. I hate cold water; I put it in the microwave to heat it up before I can drink it. In this case, the cultural misunderstanding occurred when the doctor failed to understand that some cultures learn and believe from an early age that drinking cold water can be detrimental to the body and they are discouraged from drinking it (Fauzi, 2008). This resulted in the patient becoming dehydrated because he was hesitant to drink the tap water as it was much cooler that they were used to. The patient found it inconvenient or impossible to heat water up at work or at school where there was no access to a microwave, so he just didn’t drink at all. Even without this knowledge, the doctor could go on to make suggestions of other liquids besides cold water that he could substitute to keep him well hydrated. However, knowing this information could have prevented him from making the patient feel awkward or uncomfortable. These misunderstandings cross over into the psychotherapeutic process as well. Misunderstandings happen from many reasons including but not limited to a lack of cultural knowledge, and inability or desire to see and understand differences in others as well as in ourselves. Specific clinicians, known as Universalist clinicians tackle these issues under the pretense that these cultural differences should remain out of the spotlight when it comes to psychotherapy. They believe in highlighting similarities rather than differences and feel that if general factors are present, therapy will have a positive outcome regardless of ethnicity, context or race. They basically choose to overlook the cultural differences. One the other side of the fence we have Particularist clinicians , which in sharp contrast to the universalists believe that cultural differences have a significant impact on individual experiences. They feel that these factors strongly determine how people define themselves as well as how they relate to others (Marcos, 1979). They view these differences as insurmountable obstacles and recommend that clients seek out therapists of their own cultural background in order to be successful in treatment. The type of clinician, known as the trancendist clinician, recognizes the importance of bringing cultural differences to the forefront and developing specific plans of action to do so. From their perspective it is felt that these differences can be â€Å"transcended†, or simply put, that clinicians can develop cultural competencies allowing them to effectively provide treatment strategies to clients from many different backgrounds other than their own (Angelou, 2012). It’s pretty clear that psychotherapy today adheres to a more trancendist perspective when developing and working through treatment plans for clients with diverse cultural backgrounds. There are several recommendations on how to effectively address culturally diverse clients. First , clinicians and professionals should view cultural differences as dynamic, complex, and subjective There are some very obvious characteristics such as accents , color of skin, or socioeconomic status that can be immediately categorized as culturally different, but the how they are interpreted or what these  differences mean are subjective. Beyond this , cultural differences are very complex , including a multitude of variables ( age , gender, language, religion, education level ) and it is crucial to consider all these factors when determining how they come together to define someone’s identity. Finally, perceptions of the therapist as well as the client are what constitute cultural differences as dynamic as opposed to static. As therapist and client progress through treatment what was once considered a cultural difference may fade into the background as other issues and factors come to the surface (Angelou, 2012). In this respect , therapist are encouraged to constantly explore how meanings can change , rather than operate on the pretense that once the cultural difference is defined and understood , that it is no longer necessary to explore. Another way to reduce cultural misunderstandings is to address similarities before discussing cultural differences. Clients and therapist may not only differ on many cultural attributes, but may also share some of those cultural characteristics. A helpful approach would be to identify commonalities before delving into the differences. This could be extremely beneficial to the client, and the therapist’s knowledge of similarities may help reduce a client anxiety or ambivalence. It also serves to build rapport, making the client feel more secure and accepting about sharing information and getting to the root of underlying issues. Cultural differences should be addressed as assets. Unfortunately many people from culturally diverse backgrounds have experienced how the majority misconstrues their differences as deficits. In the U.S. alone , members of a non dominant groups , such as anything but Caucasian, homosexual, disabled, non Christian, and female to cite a few, are often viewed as deficient, whereas male heterosexual white Christians are viewed in a more favorable light. Whenever possible, clinicians should make attempts to study how these differences relate to the client’s strengths, rather than perceiving them as weaknesses. Many of us value differences and consider them assets; however this is sometimes a harder message to convey during therapy considering the way that people view differences from dominant groups as a problem. Although there are many different ways to address the issue of reducing cultural misunderstandings, the last one I will identify may be the most important. It is imperative to have a well versed, culturally competent therapist. There are three common dimensions to this. First and most obvious, the therapist attitude and beliefs about cultural different individuals set the stage for the success of the psychotherapy. Clinicians should deeply explore their feelings about prejudices and cultural biases before attempting to move forward with the treatment of a culturally diverse client. There are many different avenues a therapist can take to become more culturally competent such as reading and education, seeking out advice or supervision from more culturally competent colleagues, attending cultural events and exposing one’s self to people of different cultures. A willingness as well as a genuine desire to learn about different cultures is important as well as the understanding tha t this learning can be a lifelong process. References Angelou, M. (2012). Addressing cultural differences in the psychotheraputic process . Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/50449_ch_4.pdf Fauzi, S. (2008). Doctor meets patient: The effect of cultural memory on the medical interview. Retrieved from http://www.uta.edu/modl/cultural-constructions/200705/html/fauzi.html Marcos, L. R. (1979). Effects of interpreters on the evaluation of psychotherapy in non-English-speaking patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 171-174.